ÿþ<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>Place Names of Europe</TITLE> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <STYLE>HTML {FONT-FAMILY: "Arial"}</STYLE> <META content="MSHTML 5.00.2722.2800" name=GENERATOR></HEAD> <BODY bgColor=white link=#0000ff text=black vLink=#800080><FONT size=-1> <HR> <a name="top"><TABLE border=0 width="100%"></a> <TBODY> <TR> <TD>Jacek Weso&#322;owski<BR><i>with</i> Kevin Flynn &#149; Celvin Ruisdael &#149; Jan Salm <P><FONT size =+3><B>Europe</B></FONT><BR><B>forms of place names</B></P><FONT size=-1> <P>Revised 30 October 2003 <p><FONT color=#b0c4de><B>Upload of Greek names. Transcription may not be particularly consistent but, hopefully, it it still of help for these who are not familiar with Greek script. <p></b>NOTICE:<b> On some computers Hebrew script may appear reversed. Unfortunately, the webmaster has not yet completed the necessary coding to overcome it.</B></FONT> <P><FONT size=-1>Comments, amendments and contributions are welcome: <BR> <A href="mailto:kevinflynn@fsmail.net">Flynn</A> <I> - in English, French, German, Spanish</I><BR> <A href="mailto:celvin@c2i.net">Ruisdael</A> <I>- in English, Norwegian</I> <BR><A href="mailto:salmian@ck-sg.p.lodz.pl">Salm</A> <I>- in German, Italian, Polish</I> <BR><A href="mailto:jw37@ck-sg.p.lodz.pl">Weso&#322;owski</A> <I>- in English, Polish</I></FONT></P> </TD> <TD align=middle vAlign=top width=400><IMG border=0 src="babel.JPG" width=400 MARGINHEIGHT="0"> </TD></TR><tr><td colspan=2 align=center><p><br><P><font size=-1>To: <A href="http://www.p.lodz.pl/I35/personal/per-salmian.html">J. Salm</A>, <A href="http://www.p.lodz.pl/I35/personal/per-jw37.html">J. Weso<S>l</S>owski</A> personal pages - <A href="http://www.p.lodz.pl/I35/index.htm">IAiU P&#321;</A> </FONT></P></td></tr></TBODY></TABLE> <p> <TABLE width="100%"><TBODY> <TR><TD align=middle bgColor=#b0c4de vAlign=middle width="10%" rowspan="2"> <P><FONT color=#fffff><B><a href="#top">top</a></B></FONT></FONT></P></TD> <TD align=middle bgColor=#b0c4de vAlign=middle width="*"> <P><FONT size=+2><FONT color=#fffff><B><A name=A><a href="europe-A.html">A</a></A></B></FONT></FONT></P></TD> <TD align=middle bgColor=#b0c4de vAlign=middle width="*"> <P><FONT size=+2><FONT color=#fffff><B><A name=B><a href="europe-B.html">B</a></A></B></FONT></FONT></P></TD> <TD align=middle bgColor=#b0c4de vAlign=middle width="*"> <P><FONT size=+2><FONT color=#fffff><B><A name=C><a href="europe-C.html">C</a></A></B></FONT></FONT></P></TD> <TD align=middle bgColor=#b0c4de vAlign=middle width="*"> <P><FONT size=+2><FONT color=#fffff><B><A name=D><a href="europe-D.html">D</a></A></B></FONT></FONT></P></TD> <TD 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width="100%"><tr valign="top"><td width="50%"><P align="justify"><img src="../un-ja.gif"> It goes without saying that Europe is a relatively small area with a rich mosaic of languages. Less frequently remarked upon, however, are the consequences of this truism when it comes to understanding place names, since so many of them have, besides their local forms, others which differ not only in neighbouring language areas but also further afield.</P> <P align="justify">Divergent forms of place names have often been an element in national rivalries: a sad legacy, clearly, of past conflicts. It is not, however, to this tradition that we wish to refer; rather, we aim to draw attention to the rich complexity of the European cultural environment which, as revealed by place names, has links on both the local and the continental scales.</P> <P align="justify">There are also national preferences and habits. Who, for example, can match the Czechs in using distinctive forms for places very distant from their own land, like <I>Janov</I> for <I>Genova</I> (<I>Genoa</I>)? Well, very possibly, the Icelanders, but then they <U>are</U> a&nbsp;seafaring nation! The Latvians use names spelled phonetically, slightly modified with their remarkable suffix (cf. <i>Diseldorfa</i>). We could probably have a&nbsp;Latvian form of virtually any foreign name - quite impossible in case of English. <p align="justify">The English-speaking world, on the other hand, seems to be exhibiting an increasing tendency to use official local names only, although this can create its own problems where more than one form is equally official (and in the case of capital cities, the 'traditional' forms are still largely adhered to). Places that happened to change their population (and languages) totally have no continuity in English names (cf. <i>Wroc&#322;aw</i>), which tend to have always been borrowed, much more often that it was practised in Continental cultures. Very similarly behaves Russian, though respective Cyrillic-spelled forms must have been always used. This trend does not, however, imply that names in foreign tongues, even if no longer official, are necessarily 'outdated' and should not be used. From Italian, German or Polish perspective the world of place names seems much more stabilised (or 'political correctness' understood in a&nbsp;somewhat different way).</P> <P align="justify">The creeping standardization imposed by today's media culture (occasionally based on ignorance) may be inevitable but, by rendering many old texts incomprehensible to the average modern reader, it also represents a loss. We hope that our list will go some way to correcting that imbalance... </P></td> <td><p align="justify"><img src="../pol.gif"> Z&nbsp;ca&#322;&#261; pewno&#347;ci&#261; Europa jest stosunkowo ma&#322;ym kontynentem z&nbsp;bogat&#261; mozaik&#261; j&#281;zyk&oacute;w. Za tym truizmem id&#261; jednak trudno&#347;ci w&nbsp;zrozumieniu nazw miejscowo&#347;ci, skoro wiele z&nbsp;nich, poza lokalnymi formami ma jeszcze inne, kt&oacute;re s&#261; charakterystyczne dla innych - cz&#281;sto bardzo odleg&#322;ych - kultur i&nbsp;j&#281;zyk&oacute;w. <p align="justify">R&oacute;&#380;ne formy nazw miejscowych bywa&#322;y elementem narodowej rywalizacji, co jest w&nbsp;wi&#281;kszo&#347;ci smutnym dziedzictwem dawnych konflikt&oacute;w. Nie chceliby&#347;my nawi&#261;zywa&#263; do tej tradycji. Chcieliby&#347;my natomiast zwr&oacute;ci&#263; uwag&#281; na z&#322;o&#380;ono&#347;&#263; przestrzeni kulturowej Europy, w&nbsp;kt&oacute;rej, r&oacute;wnie&#380; dzi&#281;ki nazewnictwu, wida&#263; zwi&#261;zki na skal&#281; zar&oacute;wno na skal&#281; lokaln&#261;, jak i&nbsp;kontynentaln&#261;. <p align="justify">S&#261; r&oacute;wnie&#380; narodowe preferencje i&nbsp;zwyczaje. Kto, na przyk&#322;ad, dor&oacute;wna&#263; mo&#380;e Czechom w u&#380;yciu specyficznych nazw dla miejsc bardzo odleg&#322;ych od ich kraju - jak <i>Janov</i> na oznaczenie Genui? No, by&#263; mo&#380;e Islandczycy - s&#261; oni jednak narodem &#380;eglarzy. &#321;otysze znowu u&#380;ywaj&#261; nazw zapisywanych fonetycznie <nobr>i lekko</nobr> zmodyfikowanych o&nbsp;charakterystyczn&#261; ko&#324;c&oacute;wk&#281; (cf. <i>Diseldorfa</i>). Mo&#380;na by prawdopodobnie napisa&#263; ka&#380;d&#261; nazw&#281; po &#322;otewsku - przeciwnie ni&#380; po angielsku. <p align="justify">Z&nbsp;drugiej mianowicie strony, &#347;wiat angloj&#281;zyczny wydaje si&#281; coraz bardziej zmierza&#263; do u&#380;ywania wy&#322;&#261;cznie lokalnych nazw. Rodzi to k&#322;opoty wtedy, gdy wi&#281;cej ni&#380; jedna jest urz&#281;dowa (chocia&#380; w&nbsp;przypadku stolic formy "tradycyjne" s&#261; nadal w&nbsp;u&#380;yciu). Miejscowo&#347;ci, w&nbsp;kt&oacute;rych w&nbsp;wyniku dziejowych kataklizm&oacute;w zmienili si&#281; mieszka&#324;cy (i&nbsp;j&#281;zyki), nie maj&#261; te&#380; ci&#261;g&#322;o&#347;ci w&nbsp;angielskim nazewnictwie (cf. <i>Wroc&#322;aw</i>); by&#322;o ono zapo&#380;yczeniem znacznie cz&#281;&#347;ciej, ni&#380; zwyk&#322;y to czyni&#263; kultury Kontynentu. Bardzo podobnie zachowuje si&#281; j&#281;zyk rosyjski, z&nbsp;tym, &#380;e musia&#322; on zawsze stosowa&#263; odpowiedni zapis cyrylic&#261;. Ten trend jednak nie oznacza, i&#380;by nazwy w&nbsp;obcych j&#281;zykach, nawet je&#347;li ju&#380; nie urz&#281;dowe, by&#322;y koniecznie "nieaktualne" i&nbsp;nie mog&#322;y by&#263; u&#380;ywane. Z&nbsp;perspektywy w&#322;oskiej, niemieckiej i&nbsp;polskiej &#347;wiat nazw wydaje si&#281; jednak znacznie bardziej ustabilizowany, a&nbsp;"political correctness" jakby inaczej poj&#281;ta. <p align="justify">Ujednolicenie post&#281;puj&#261;ce za spraw&#261; dzisiejszej kultury medi&oacute;w (nieraz podszytej ignoracj&#261;) by&#263; mo&#380;e jest nieuniknione. Jednak powoduj&#261;c, &#380;e wiele starych tekst&oacute;w staje si&#281; niezrozumia&#322;e dla przeci&#281;tnego czytelnika, oznacza strat&#281;. Mamy nadziej&#281;, &#380;e nasza lista pomo&#380;e w&nbsp;pewnym stopniu przezwyci&#281;&#380;y&#263; te k&#322;opoty... </td></tr> <tr valign="top"><td> <P><FONT size=-1>NOTES</P> <P>1: The choices we have made are purely subjective and may not, therefore, be particularly consistent. Only those forms which differ from the official local name are listed (we don't deal with pronuciation). It is intended that the list will grow over time, and suggestions for additional items are welcome.<BR> <P>2: In the <B>first column</B> all names are listed in Roman alphabetical order without reference to spacing, to diacritics (accents), or to preceding definite articles. <P>3: Names that have been <B>transcribed</B> from non-Roman alphabets are distinguished by green colouring <FONT color=grey>thus</FONT>. Please note that, in the absence of any agreed international standard, the transcriptions we offer is the English version which is one of several possible versions of the native forms of names as they might be encountered in Roman-script texts. NB: Macedonian and Serbian names are transcribed into Roman script according to the official system used by those languages. <P>4: Some names are of a predominantly <B>historical</B> character, either because the feature has been officially renamed or owing to the name's simply having gone out of present-day use. Such names are shown <I>in italics</I>. Forms used <B>occasionally</B>, or parts of names often omitted, are shown in square brackets [thus]. <P>5: Although we hope that the list is reliable, please contact us if you spot any mistakes...<BR></I></P></td> <td><P><FONT size=-1>UWAGI</P> <P>1: Dokonali&#347;my wyboru w&nbsp;pe&#322;ni subiektywnie, nie mo&#380;e by&#263; wi&#281;c on ca&#322;kowicie sp&oacute;jny. Tylko te formy, kt&oacute;re r&oacute;&#380;ni&#261; si&#281; od oficjalnej nawy lokalnej zosta&#322;y uwzgl&#281;dnione (nie wchodzimy w&nbsp;problemy wymowy). Lista prawdopodobnie b&#281;dzie si&#281; powi&#281;ksza&#263; z&nbsp;czasem i&nbsp;ch&#281;tnie przyjmiemy sugestie co do ewentualnych nowych hase&#322;. <BR> <P>2: W&nbsp;<b>pierwszej kolumnie</b> wszystkie nazwy s&#261; u&#322;o&#380;one w&nbsp;porz&#261;dku alfabetu rzymskiego bez odniesienia to spacji, diakrytyk&oacute;w albo przedimk&oacute;w. <BR><p>3: Nazwy, kt&oacute;re zosta&#322;y <b>transkrybowane</b> z&nbsp;nie&#322;aci&#324;skich alfabet&oacute;w wyr&oacute;&#380;nione s&#261; na <font color="grey">zielono</font>. Prosimy zauwa&#380;y&#263;, &#380;e wobec braku przyj&#281;tych mi&#281;dzynarodowo zasad oferujemy wersj&#281; angielsk&#261;, kt&oacute;ra jest jedn&#261; z&nbsp;wielu mo&#380;liwych wersji lokalnej formy spotykanych w&nbsp;tekstach pisanych alfabetem &#322;aci&#324;skim. NB: nazwy macedo&#324;skie i&nbsp;serbskie zosta&#322;y transkrybowane na alfabet &#322;aci&#324;ski wedle systemu urz&#281;dowego przyj&#281;tego w&nbsp;tych j&#281;zykach. <BR><P>4: Niekt&oacute;re nazwy maj&#261; g&#322;&oacute;wnie <b>historyczny</b> charakter, zar&oacute;wno dlatego, &#380;e obiekt by&#322; oficjalnie przemianowany, jak i&nbsp;&#380;e nazwa po prostu wysz&#322;a z&nbsp;aktualnego u&#380;ycia. Te nazwy pokazane s&#261; <i>kursyw&#261;</i>. Formy <b>u&#380;ywane czasami</b> albo cz&#281;&#347;ci nazw zwykle pomijane pokazane s&#261; [w&nbsp;nawiasach]. <BR><P>5: Chocia&#380; mamy nadziej&#281;, &#380;e nasze dane s&#261; wystarczaj&#261;co sprawdzone, prosimy o&nbsp;kontakt, je&#347;li znajd&#261; si&#281; b&#322;&#281;dy. </td></tr></table> <HR> <TABLE cellPadding=5 width="100%"> <TBODY> <TR> <TD align=middle bgColor=#b0c4de vAlign=top width="8%"><A name=key> <P><FONT size=+2><FONT color=#fffff><B>KEY</B></FONT></FONT></P></A></TD> <TD><FONT size=-1> <P><I><B>Languages * J&#281;zyki</B> :</I> <P> <TABLE border=0 width="100%" cellpadding="7"> <TBODY> <TR vAlign=top> <TD width="*"><FONT size=-1> ab - Arabic / arabski <br>az - Azeri / azerski <BR><nobr>be - Belarusian / bia&#322;oruski</nobr> <BR>bg - Bulgarian / bu&#322;garski <BR>br - Breton / breto&#324;ski <BR>bs - Bosnian / bo&#347;niacki <BR><nobr>ct - Catalan / katalo&#324;ski</nobr> <BR>cy - Welsh / walijski <BR>cz - Czech / czeski <BR>da - Danish / du&#324;ski <BR>de - German / niemiecki <BR>el - Greek / grecki <BR>en - English / angielski <BR>es - Spanish / hiszpa&#324;ski </FONT></TD> <TD width="*"><FONT size=-1> et - Estonian / esto&#324;ski <BR>eu - Basque / baskijski <BR>fi - Finnish / fi&#324;ski <BR>fo - Faeroese <nobr><BR>fr - French / francuski</nobr> <BR>ga - Irish / irlandzki <BR>gl - Galician / galicyjski <BR>he - Hebrew / hebrajski <BR>hr - Croatian / chorwacki <BR><nobr>hu - Hungarian / w&#281;gierski</nobr><BR>is - Icelandic / islandzki <BR>it - Italian / w&#322;oski <BR>kw - Cornish / kornwalijski <BR>la - Latin / &#322;acina</FONT></TD> <TD width="*"><FONT size=-1> lb - Luxemburgish / luksemburski <BR>lt - Lithuanian / litewski <BR>lv - Latvian / &#322;otewski <BR>mk - Macedonian / macedo&#324;ski <BR>mt - Maltese / malta&#324;ski <BR>nl - Dutch / holenderski <nobr><BR>no - Norwegian / norweski</nobr> <BR>pl - Polish / polski <BR>pt - Portuguese / portugalski <BR>rm - Rhaeto-Romanic / retoroma&#324;ski<br><nobr>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;incl. Friulian / wB. z&nbsp;friulijskim</nobr></FONT></TD> <TD width="*"><FONT size=-1> ro - Romanian / rumu&#324;ski <BR>ru - Russian / rosyjski <BR>se - Northern Saami <BR>sh - Serbo-Croat<sup>A</sup> / serbo-chorwacki<sup>A</sup> <BR>sk - Slovak / s&#322;owacki <BR>sl - Slovene / s&#322;owe&#324;ski <BR>so - Sorbian / serbo&#322;u&#380;ycki<BR>sq - Albanian / alba&#324;ski <BR>sr - Serbian / serbski <BR>sv - Swedish / szwedzki <BR>tr - Turkish / turecki <BR><nobr>ua - Ukrainian / ukrai&#324;ski</nobr> <BR>yi - Yiddish / jidysz </FONT></TD></TR></TBODY></table> <p align="justify"><FONT size=-1><sup>A</sup> Serbo-Croat language recently tends to be increasingly considered as an&nbsp;artificial creation of the former Yugoslavian state. Although the aim of this site is to show forms of place names and not to investigate the nature of languages itself, it is likely that the names presently labelled 'sh' will be gradually indicated as belonging to Serbian or Croatian languages respectively. / J&#281;zyk serbo-chorwacki bywa ostatnio coraz cz&#281;&#347;ciej uznawany za sztuczny tw&oacute;r dawnego pa&#324;stwa jugos&#322;owia&#324;skiego. Jakkolwiek celem tej witryny jest pokaza&#263; formy onomastyczne, a&nbsp;nie zag&#322;&#281;bia&#263; si&#281; w&nbsp;natur&#281; j&#281;zyk&oacute;w, nie jest wykluczone, &#380;e formy oznaczone obecnie "sh" b&#281;d&#261; stopniowo wykazywane jako odpowiednio chorwacko- lub serbskoj&#281;zyczne.</font> <P><I><B>States * Pa&#324;stwa</B> :</I> <P> <TABLE border=0 cellpadding="5"> <TBODY> <TR vAlign=top> <TD width="*"><FONT size=-1>AL - Albania <BR>AT - Austria <BR><nobr>AZ - Azerbaijan / Azerbajd|an</nobr> <BR>BA - Bosnia-Hercegovina <BR>BE - Belgium / Belgia <BR>BG - Bulgaria / Bu&#322;garia <BR>BY - Belarus / Bia&#322;oru&#347; <BR><nobr>CH - Switzerland / Szwajcaria</nobr> <BR>CY - Cyprus / Cypr <BR>CZ - Czechia / Czechy <BR>DE - Germany / Niemcy <BR>DK - Denmark / Dania<BR>EE - Estonia <BR>ES - Spain / Hiszpania <br>FI - Finland / Finlandia </FONT></TD> <TD width="*"><FONT size=-1> FO - Faeroe Islands / <nobr>Wyspy Owcze</nobr> <br>FR - France / Francja <BR>GR - Greece / Grecja <BR><nobr>HR - Croatia / Chorwacja</nobr><BR>HU - Hungary / W&#281;gry <BR>IE - Ireland / Irlandia <BR>IS - Iceland / Islandia <BR>IT - Italy / W&#322;ochy <BR>IZ - Israel / Izrael <BR>LT - Lithuania / Litwa <BR>LV - Latvia / &#321;otwa <BR><nobr>MD - Moldova / Mo&#322;dawia</nobr> <br>MK - Macedonia </FONT></TD> <TD width="*"><FONT size=-1> MT - Malta <BR>NL - Netherlands / Holandia <nobr>NO - Norway / Norwegia</nobr> <BR>PL - Poland / Polska <BR>PT - Portugal / Portugalia <BR>RO - Romania / Rumunia <BR>RU - Russia / Rosja <BR>SE - Sweden / Szwecja <BR>SL - Slovenia / S&#322;owenia <BR>SK - Slovakia / S&#322;owacja <BR>SM - San Marino <BR>TR - Turkey / Turcja <BR>UA - Ukraine<br>UK - United Kingdom / <nobr>Wielka Brytania</nobr><BR>YU - Yugoslavia / Jugos&#322;awia</FONT></TD> <TD width="*"><FONT size=-1><I><B>Former states * Dawne pa&#324;stwa</B>: <BR>AH</I> - Austria-Hungary / Austro-W&#281;gry <BR><i>CS</i> - Czechoslovakia / Czechos&#322;owacja <BR><I>OE</I> - Ottoman Empire / Imperium Ottoma&#324;skie <BR><I>MN</I> - Montenegro / Czarnog&oacute;ra <BR><I>RE</I> - Russian Empire / Imperium Rosyjskie <SUP>*</SUP></I><BR><SUP>*</SUP> <I>not necessarily indicated for places in present-day </I>BY, RU, UA / <i>niekoniecznie uwzgl&#281;dniono na obszarze dzisiejszych</i> BY, RU, UA</FONT></TD></TR></TBODY></table> <P><I><B>Features * Obiekty</B> :</I> <P> <TABLE border=0> <TBODY> <TR vAlign=top> <TD width="*"><FONT size=-1>g - mountain(s) / <nobr>g&oacute;ra(-y)</nobr> <BR>j - lake / jezioro</FONT></TD> <TD width="*"><FONT size=-1>kr - province (region) / prowincja (region) <BR>m - city, town, village / miejscowo&#347;&#263; </FONT></TD> <TD width="*"><FONT size=-1>mr - gulf, sea, strait / zatoka, morze, cie&#347;nina <BR>p - country (state) / pa&#324;stwo </FONT></TD> <TD width="*"><FONT size=-1>rz - river / rzeka<BR>w - island / wyspa </FONT></TD></TR></TBODY></table> </td></tr></table> <p> <TABLE width="100%"><TBODY> <TR><TD align=middle bgColor=#b0c4de vAlign=middle width="10%" rowspan="2"> <P><FONT color=#fffff><B><a href="#top">top</a></B></FONT></FONT></P></TD> <TD align=middle bgColor=#b0c4de vAlign=middle width="*"> <P><FONT size=+2><FONT color=#fffff><B><A name=A><a href="europe-A.html">A</a></A></B></FONT></FONT></P></TD> <TD align=middle bgColor=#b0c4de vAlign=middle width="*"> <P><FONT size=+2><FONT color=#fffff><B><A name=B><a href="europe-B.html">B</a></A></B></FONT></FONT></P></TD> <TD align=middle bgColor=#b0c4de vAlign=middle width="*"> <P><FONT size=+2><FONT color=#fffff><B><A name=C><a href="europe-C.html">C</a></A></B></FONT></FONT></P></TD> <TD align=middle bgColor=#b0c4de vAlign=middle width="*"> <P><FONT size=+2><FONT color=#fffff><B><A name=D><a href="europe-D.html">D</a></A></B></FONT></FONT></P></TD> <TD align=middle bgColor=#b0c4de vAlign=middle width="*"> <P><FONT size=+2><FONT color=#fffff><B><A name=E><a href="europe-E.html">E</a></A></B></FONT></FONT></P></TD> <TD align=middle bgColor=#b0c4de vAlign=middle width="*"> <P><FONT size=+2><FONT color=#fffff><B><A name=F><a href="europe-F.html">F</a></A></B></FONT></FONT></P></TD> <TD align=middle bgColor=#b0c4de vAlign=middle width="*"> <P><FONT size=+2><FONT color=#fffff><B><A name=G><a href="europe-G.html">G</a></A></B></FONT></FONT></P></TD> <TD align=middle bgColor=#b0c4de vAlign=middle width="*"> <P><FONT size=+2><FONT color=#fffff><B><A name=H><a href="europe-H.html">H</a></A></B></FONT></FONT></P></TD> <TD align=middle bgColor=#b0c4de vAlign=middle width="*"> <P><FONT size=+2><FONT color=#fffff><B><A name=I><a href="europe-I.html">I</a></A></B></FONT></FONT></P></TD> <TD align=middle bgColor=#b0c4de vAlign=middle width="*"> <P><FONT size=+2><FONT color=#fffff><B><A name=J><a href="europe-J.html">J</a></A></B></FONT></FONT></P></TD> <TD align=middle bgColor=#b0c4de vAlign=middle width="*"> <P><FONT size=+2><FONT color=#fffff><B><A name=K><a href="europe-K.html">K</a></A></B></FONT></FONT></P></TD> <TD align=middle bgColor=#b0c4de vAlign=middle width="*"> <P><FONT size=+2><FONT color=#fffff><B><A name=L><a href="europe-L.html">L</a></A></B></FONT></FONT></P></TD> <TD align=middle bgColor=#b0c4de vAlign=middle width="*"> <P><FONT size=+2><FONT color=#fffff><B><A name=M><a href="europe-M.html">M</a></A></B></FONT></FONT></P></TD> <TD align=middle bgColor=#b0c4de vAlign=middle width="10%" rowspan="2"> <P><FONT color=#fffff><B><a href="#links">links</a></B></FONT></FONT></P></TD></TR> <TR><TD align=middle bgColor=#b0c4de vAlign=middle width="*"> <P><FONT size=+2><FONT color=#fffff><B><A name=N><a href="europe-N.html">N</a></A></B></FONT></FONT></P></TD> <TD align=middle bgColor=#b0c4de vAlign=middle width="*"> <P><FONT size=+2><FONT color=#fffff><B><A name=O><a href="europe-O.html">O</a></A></B></FONT></FONT></P></TD> <TD align=middle bgColor=#b0c4de vAlign=middle width="*"> <P><FONT size=+2><FONT color=#fffff><B><A name=P><a href="europe-PQ.html">P</a></A></B></FONT></FONT></P></TD> <TD align=middle bgColor=#b0c4de vAlign=middle width="*"> <P><FONT size=+2><FONT color=#fffff><B><A name=Q><a href="europe-PQ.html#Q">Q</a></A></B></FONT></FONT></P></TD> <TD align=middle bgColor=#b0c4de vAlign=middle width="*"> <P><FONT size=+2><FONT color=#fffff><B><A name=R><a href="europe-R.html">R</a></A></B></FONT></FONT></P></TD> <TD align=middle bgColor=#b0c4de vAlign=middle width="*"> <P><FONT size=+2><FONT color=#fffff><B><A name=S><a href="europe-S.html">S</a></A></B></FONT></FONT></P></TD> <TD align=middle bgColor=#b0c4de vAlign=middle width="*"> <P><FONT size=+2><FONT color=#fffff><B><A name=T><a href="europe-T.html">T</a></a></B></FONT></FONT></P></TD> <TD align=middle bgColor=#b0c4de vAlign=middle width="*"> <P><FONT size=+2><FONT color=#fffff><B><A name=U><a href="europe-U.html">U</a></a></B></FONT></FONT></P></TD> <TD align=middle bgColor=#b0c4de vAlign=middle width="*"> <P><FONT size=+2><FONT color=#fffff><B><a name=V><a href="europe-V.html">V</a></A></B></FONT></FONT></P></TD> <TD align=middle bgColor=#b0c4de vAlign=middle width="*"> <P><FONT size=+2><FONT color=#fffff><B><A name=W><a href="europe-W.html">W</a></A> </B></FONT></FONT></P></TD> <TD align=middle bgColor=#b0c4de vAlign=middle width="*"> <P><FONT size=+2><FONT color=#fffff><B><A name=X><a href="europe-XYZ.html#X">X</a></A></B></FONT></FONT></P></TD> <TD align=middle bgColor=#b0c4de vAlign=middle width="*"> <P><FONT size=+2><FONT color=#fffff><B><A name=Y><a href="europe-XYZ.html#Y">Y</a></A></B></FONT></FONT></P></TD> <TD align=middle bgColor=#b0c4de vAlign=middle width="*"> <P><FONT size=+2><FONT color=#fffff><B><A name=Z><a href="europe-XYZ.html#Z">Z</a></A></FONT></B></FONT></FONT></P></TD> </TR></TBODY></TABLE> <P><a name="links"><B>Links:</B></a> You may also consult <li><i>The Free Dictionary.com</i> (by Farlex) lists of <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/List%20of%20European%20cities%20with%20alternate%20names">city names</a>, <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/List%20of%20European%20regions%20with%20alternative%20names">region names</a>, <a href="http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/List%20of%20European%20rivers%20with%20alternative%20names">river names</a> etc., <li><A href="http://www.placenames.com/pn/">PlaceNames.com</A> or <li><a href="http://www.users.zetnet.co.uk/djshaw/bibsoc/cathlibs/towns/towns-li.htm">Cathedral Libraries Catalogue</a>, University of Kent (Canterbury) for other Latin names, <li><A href="http://www.geocities.com/Athens/9479/welcome.html">GeoNative</A> for more local forms, <li><a href="http://www.celvin.casa.as/">Celvin Ruisdael's</a> or <li> <a href="http://sites.netscape.net/sandiberk/Drzave/drzv_eng.html">Sandi Berk's</a> page for state names, <li><a href="http://klaudyan.psomart.cz/hodit/index.asp"><i>Klaudy&aacute;n</i></a> site of place names (incl. Czech/German names in Austria-Hungary and renamings in Russia!); <li>Milan Hor&aacute;k's dictionary of <a href="http://mujweb.cz/spolecnost/m.m.h/sklad/">Czech-German names</a> <li><a href="http://www.schlesien.de/orte/homepage.htm">Slask - Slezsko - Schlesien - Silesia Kulturregion in Europa</a> for extensive German-Polish place name list in the province <P>Acknowledgements to Halld&oacute;r &Aacute;rnason, Sandi Berk, Karol Brousmiche, Martin &#268;ejka, Yves Deroubaix, WBodzimierz Górko, Natassa Iosifidou, Martin Markovi&#269;, Istv&aacute;n&nbsp;Moln&aacute;r, &#321;ukasz Sadowski, Tobias Sechelmann, Erik Vrinds and Ren&eacute; Walhout for their generous contributions.</P><P>Comments, amendments and contributions are welcome (see top)</P><A name=bottom> <!-- Begin Nedstat Basic code --> <!-- Title: Place Names Europe --> <!-- URL: http://www.p.lodz.pl/I35/personal/jw37/EUROPE/europe.html --> <script language="JavaScript" src="http://m1.nedstatbasic.net/basic.js"> </script> <script language="JavaScript"> <!-- nedstatbasic("ABAUjgsZbEdpzwB14ET04lkb3cpA", 0); // --> </script> <noscript> <a target="_blank" href="http://v1.nedstatbasic.net/stats?ABAUjgsZbEdpzwB14ET04lkb3cpA"><img src="http://m1.nedstatbasic.net/n?id=ABAUjgsZbEdpzwB14ET04lkb3cpA" border="0" nosave width="18" height="18"></a> </noscript> <!-- End Nedstat Basic code --> <i>Courtesy of Nedstat</i></p> <p> </I> <a name="bottom"><HR></a> <FONT size=-1> <P align=center>To: <A href="http://www.p.lodz.pl/I35/personal/per-salmian.html">J. 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